BIOTECHOLOGY (878)

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BIOTECHOLOGY (878)
Aims:
1. To enable candidates to acquire the knowledge
and develop an understanding of how materials
are provided by biological agents to provide
goods and services.
2. To appreciate the role played by biotechnology
in improving health care for human beings.
3. To understand the interdisciplinary nature of this
subject.
4. To create awareness about the appreciation of
biological processes to industries.
5. To develop the ability to appreciate biological
phenomenon in nature and the contribution of
biotechnology to human welfare.
6. To develop scientific attitude towards biological
phenomenon.
CLASS XI
There will be two papers in the subject
Paper I: Theory: 3 hours ... 70 marks
Paper II: Practical: 3 hours ... 20 marks
Project Work … 7 marks
Practical File … 3marks
PAPER I –THEORY- 70 Marks
There will be one paper of three hours duration
divided into two parts.
Part 1 (20 marks) will consist of compulsory short
answer questions, testing knowledge, application and
skills relating to elementary/fundamental aspects of
the entire syllabus.
Part 2 (50 marks) will consist of eight questions out
of which the candidates will be required to answer
five questions. Each question in this part shall carry
10 marks.
1. Introduction to Biotechnology
(a) Historical background and the future of
Biotechnology: definition and a brief
introduction of the traditional techniques which
are now covered under the heading
Biotechnology and different ways the present
man is utilising the traditional principles for
the betterment of mankind.
Kitchen, the first biotechnological laboratory -
reasoning behind the technology involved in
simple biological products like curd, beer and
wine. A brief note on the causative
micro-organisms.
Application of these technologies for largescale
production, with special reference to
fermentation. Quality control management of
the products, good laboratory practices and a
brief note on international marketing.
(b) Basic concepts of Biochemical technology:
What does the biochemical technology mean?
An understanding of various principles and
statistical methods involved in research under
the umbrella of biotechnology.
Concept of buffer, pH, physical variables,
dimensions and units. Fluid flow and mixing,
heat and mass transfer, growth kinetics and
fermentation process. An understanding of
bio-reactors. Concept of probability, methods
of sampling, collection of data – primary and
secondary data, classification and tabulation,
confidence levels, idea of sampling,
distribution and standard error.
(c) Scope and importance of biotechnology:
different branches of biotechnology and
different regulatory, social, ethical and legal
issues that a biotechnologist comes across
while doing the work.
1ames, definitions and importance of various
fields that can be covered under biotechnology
such as - agricultural/ plant biotechnology,
animal biotechnology/medical biotechnology,
industrial biotechnology, immunology and
health care, energy, environment and services.
Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) in
biotechnology- concept of intellectual property,
intellectual property rights and the choice of
intellectual property rights protection. Various
types of IPRs. Concept of patenting and its
need. Process patenting and product patenting.
Various precautions to be taken while carrying
out biotechnological work. Various types of
intellectual property.
Concept of ethical, legal and social issues with
one common example. How these issues are
being tackled at national and international
level.
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Bio safety issues: release of genetically
modified organisms into the environment.
Bridging the gap between bioscience,
engineering and technology.
2. Cell Biology
(a) Cell - Basic unit of life: Justification of cell as
a basic unit of life. A brief note on the cell
components with special reference to nucleus
and its components. Various cytological
techniques used in counting and identifying
the cell and chromosomes.
An understanding of cell components, their
structure, and functions - cell wall, cell
membrane, cytoplasmic reticulum, golgi
apparatus, mitochondria, ribosomes,
vacuoles, plastids, lysosomes, nucleus and
other important inclusions of the cell.
Differentiation between plant and animal and
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular systems.
Chromosomal structure and composition –
organisation of chromatids, concept of
homologous and non-homologous
chromosomes, sister and non-sister
chromatids, classification of chromosomes on
the basis of position of the centromere on the
chromosome, basic idea about telomere,
chromatin and nucleosome. An idea about
banding patterns and their application.
Concept of chromosomal number in different
species, e.g. man and mouse.
Techniques in cytology - microscopy, cell
sorting and counting, karyotyping and
banding techniques.
(b) Cell Division and cell cycle: necessity for a
cell to divide. Types of cell division and
various other activities of cell such as
biochemical transformations.
Types and significance of cell division and a
brief note about the different stages of cell
division.
Concept of crossing over, chiasmata.
Basic concept of cell cycle and cell cycle
regulation.
Cell communication and signal transduction,
movement, nutrition, gaseous exchange,
internal transport and maintenance of the
internal transport and cell reproduction.
Biochemical Transformations:
An understanding of biochemical
transformations, different biochemical
pathways involved in respiration - aerobic
and anaerobic.
Aerobic respiration - Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle,
electron transport chain and oxidative
phosphorylation.
Anaerobic respiration - lactic acid formation,
fermentation and lactic acid alcohol
formation.
Photosynthesis – brief historical account and
light and dark reactions.
(c) Errors in cell division: what happens if the
cell does not divide normally? An
understanding of different numerical and
structural abnormalities which can be detected
with the help of a microscope.
Concept of non-disjunction: meiotic
non-disjunction and mitotic non-disjunction.
1on-disjunction in sex chromosomes –
Turner’s syndrome and Klienfelter’s
syndrome, identification and symptoms.
Importance of these syndromes in studying
human behavioural genetics.
1umerical chromosomal aberrations with
respect to autosomes, i.e. Down’s syndrome/
trisomy 21.
Structural chromosomal abnormalities –
deletions, duplications, translocations,
inversions, ring chromosomes and
uniparental disomy.
Chromosomal abnormalities and gene
mapping.
Polyploidy and its significance in plants.
3. Growth and Development in Living beings
(a) Multicellularity among plants and animals: an
understanding of unicellular and multi cellular
organisms. Concept of histology. An account
of various types of tissues, organs and organ
systems in both plants and animals.
Tissue systems - definition of tissue and
histology.
Plant tissues: simple plant tissues –
parenchyma, sclerenchyma and collenchyma
with respect to their shapes, locations and
functions.
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Animal tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle
and nervous tissues with respect to their
structure, location and functions.
Organ systems in plants and animals:
1utrition - concept and need. 1utrition in
plants and animals and microbes – various
elements, organs and the mechanisms
involved.
Gaseous exchange in plants and animals.
Internal transport in plants and circulatory
system in animals, organs and mechanism.
Regulation of water and temperature in living
beings.
Muscular movement in animals.
Reproduction in plants, asexual and sexual.
Reproduction in microbes.
Reproduction in animals with special
reference to humans - various organs
involved in both males and females and
fertilisation.
(b) Animal and plant development: development
of a complete organism from zygotic cell in
both plants and animals. An understanding of
defence strategies in all types of living
organisms.
Animal development – zygote to a stage of
complete development of the foetus in a stage
where it can absorb food.
Plant development. Fertilised ovules to a
complete plant.
Immune response in plants and animals -
immune system in higher animals, concept of
immunity, immunisation, antigen and
antibody. Various cells involved in immune
system in humans. An introduction to human
leukocyte antigens. Types of immunity -
innate and acquired. ELISA Technique
(Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay).
Plant pathogen interaction. Secondary
metabolism.
Defence strategies in microbes and insects.
(c) Biodiversity and evolution of populations: an
understanding of biodiversity in both plants
and animals and the concept of population. A
brief account of ethnology with respect to
Indian populations and its importance.
An understanding of speciation, types of
speciation - allopatric and sympatric; concept
of ecosystem; adaptation and natural
selection.
Organisation of life, size and complexity,
interaction with the environment.
A brief account of different ethnic groups,
with special reference to Indian populations;
significance of biodiversity, Indian plants and
animals.
4. Genetics
(a) Laws of Inheritance: how can one establish if
a trait/disease is genetic or environmental? An
account of Mendel’s experiments. Different
types of genetic inheritance and various
complicating factors in genetic research.
Mendel’s experiment on pea plant and his
conclusions - law of segregation and law of
independent assortment.
Concept of trait, gene, allele, phenotype,
genotype, homozygosity, heterozygosity and
hemizygosity. Types of inheritance.
Pedigree construction using different
standard symbols.
Construction of pedigree showing different
modes of inheritance, autosomal inheritance -
dominant, co-dominant and recessive.
Sex chromosome inheritance - with special
reference to X chromosomal inheritance with
suitable examples.
Mitochondrial / cytoplasmic inheritance.
Establishment of genetic reasons for a trait -
family and twin studies.
Various problems in genetic research -
variable expressivity, incomplete penetrance,
one gene several effects, one phenotype
several genes and Lyon’s hypothesis.
(b) Gene Mapping: mapping of genes on
chromosomes using linkage analysis. An
understanding of mutations and cancer
genetics.
Mapping of genes on chromosomes with
respect to genetic diseases.
Basic concept of linkage and crossing over.
Genetic recombination, concept of
centi morgan (cM), Morgan’s experimental
results, explanation of linkage and mapping
with suitable examples, discovery of D1A as
the genetic material.
Concept of mutation and various factors
causing mutations.
Cancer genetics: a brief note.
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(c) Genes in populations: how do genes behave
in populations from generation to generation?
Various ways of studying population
genetics.
Concept of gene pool and allele frequency,
polymorphism, definition of Hardy Weinber
law, its applications, concept of genetic drift,
genetic load.
Possibility of disease resistant and susceptible
genes in population. Importance of such a
study, development of pharma industry
leading to individual specific drug, concept of
pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics.
PAPER II
PRACTICAL WORK – 20 Marks.
Candidates are required to complete the following
experiments.
1. Preparation of Buffers:
This experiment should be done to make the basics
clear to the students and for this, the approach
should be to utilise easily available chemicals at
reasonable costs. For this “Phosphate buffer,
Acetate buffer and Borate buffer” are good for
practice. (pH 5 & pH 8).
2. Colour reactions of Carbohydrates:
The following experiments should be performed:
- Iodine test for starch, etc.
- Benedict’s test for reducing sugar.
- Fehling’s test.
3. Colour reaction for Proteins:
The tests to perform are:
- Biuret test.
- Bradford test (it can be qualitative as well as
quantitative – for qualitative assessment the
extent of colour development can be used as
rough estimate).
4. Study of various stages of Mitosis and Meiosis:
The students should be given practice in
preparing slides for study of mitosis by crush
smear method. They should be able to identify
different stages (at least four stages). For the
study of meiosis the students should be shown
permanent slides of meiosis and they should be
able to identify at least six stages of meiosis from
the slides.
The requirement for this set of experiments is
Acetocarmine stain slides, coverslips,
microscopes and spirit-lamp.
5. Preparation of Karyotypes:
Demonstration of any metaphasic plate of mitosis
(pea onion root tips).
Diad formation, pairing of homologous
chromosomes during meiosis.
6. Determination of Blood Groups:
The students can perform this experiment on their
own and work out their own blood group. Proper
instructions however are to be given for ‘prick’ –
e.g. (a) Sterilize finger with alcohol/disinfectant.
(b) Use only disposable sterile needle. (c) Use the
needle only once and destroy it. (d) Do not prick
or use blood drop in an indiscriminatory way.
7. Constructing of pedigrees showing different types
of inheritance:
The students are to establish Mendel’s Laws of
inheritance by selecting varied seeds/flowers with
different colours out of the lot provided to them.
They can also perform exercises and numericals
on monohybrid and dihybridisation.
Additionally, they can be asked to set up sets to
show –
- incomplete dominance.
- Epistatis.
8. Usage of pH meter:
To measure the pH of a given sample by pH meter
or sensitive pH strips/handheld pH meter.
PROJECT WORK AD PRACTICAL FILE
– 10 Marks
Project Work – 7 Marks
Candidates are to creatively execute one
project/assignment on any aspect of Biotechnology.
Teachers may assign or students may choose any one
project of their choice. The report should be kept
simple, but neat and elegant. No extra credit shall be
given for type-written material/decorative cover, etc.
Practical File – 3 Marks
Teachers are required to assess students on the basis
of the practical file maintained by them during the
academic year.
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CLASS XII
There will be two papers in the subject
Paper I: Theory: 3 hours ... 70 marks
Paper II: Practical: 3 hours ... 20 marks
Project Work … 7 marks
Practical File … 3marks
PAPER I –THEORY- 70 Marks
There will be one paper of three hours duration
divided into two parts.
Part 1 (20 marks) will consist of compulsory short
answer questions, testing knowledge, application and
skills relating to elementary/fundamental aspects of
the entire syllabus.
Part 2 (50 marks) will consist of eight questions out
of which the candidates will be required to answer
five questions. Each question in this part shall carry
10 marks.
1. Molecular Biology
(a) Biomolecules: introduction to biomolecules-
definition and types. Carbohydrates, proteins,
lipids, vitamins and enzymes – their structure
and properties.
Structure and functions of carbohydrates.
Sugars and derivatives – some important
mono, di and polysaccharides. Glycogen,
cellulose, chitin and peptidoglycon. Chemical
properties of sugars.
Structure and functions of proteins – building
blocks of proteins, the amino acids. Chemical
structure, types and chemical properties of
amino acids. Different methods employed in
determining the amino acid sequence in
proteins - 3D - structure of proteins. Different
types of proteins - primary, secondary,
tertiary quarternary. Vitamins and coenzymes.
Structure and functions of enzymes: chemical
nature of enzymes and the properties of
enzymes. An understanding of enzyme activity.
Structure and functions of lipids – building
blocks of amino acids, their structures, types
and chemical properties.
Optical activity / steriochemistry of
biomolecules.
Concept of supramolecular assembly.
(b) Nucleic acids: an understanding of nucleic
acids, their importance in biotechnological
work, biochemical structure and capacity to
replicate.
D1A - definition, double helical model of
D1A, replication of D1A basic concept,
molecular basis of D1A replication, various
replicative enzymes in both procaryotic and
eucaryotic organisms, example
topoisomerases, helicase, polymerases,
primase. Concept of semi-discontinuous
replication.
R1A – definition, various types of R1As such
as mR1A, tR1A, their structure and functions.
(c) Protein Synthesis: synthesis of different
RNAs, and the complete mechanism of
polypeptide chain formation. Different
metabolic diseases which occur due to a
change in the DNA structure.
Genetic code – basic concept of genetic code,
chain initiation and chain termination,
biochemical process of protein synthesis.
Transcription - D1A to R1A, and various
enzymes involved with an explanation of the
complete process. The translation of R1A to
protein – complete mechanism of chain
initiation, elongation and termination.
Concept of central dogma, an overview of
transcription factors and mechanism. An
understanding of one gene one enzyme
hypothesis and amino acid metabolism. Fine
structure of gene, exon, intron.
Gene regulation – Operon concept.
Inborn errors of metabolism - basic concept
and examples like Albinism.
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2. Genetic Engineering
(a) Innovations in Biotechnology: select
examples of products already available,
produced by using modern biotechnological
tools.
(i) Plants: Flavr Savor tomatoes; designer
oil.
(ii) Healthcare: recombinant hepatitis-B
vaccine; insulin or interferon.
(iii) Animal: Dolly the cloned sheep;
stem-cells research.
(iv) Environmental biotechnology: oil-eating
bacteria.
(v) Industrial biotechnology: production of
enzymes.
(b) Introduction to gene cloning: concept of
cloning and vectors. Various vectors used for
recombinant DNA.
Definition, significance of gene cloning and
detecting the target D1A.
Techniques involved in extraction and
purification of D1A from bacterial plants
and animal cells, concept of vectors, cloning
of few vectors such as plasmids, phages,
YACs and BACS and the use of plasmid
vectors in D1A manipulation.
A basic understanding of genomic libraries –
construction and cloning.
Cloning using the restriction enzymes.
(c) Biochemical techniques: classification of
techniques based on various factors.
Classification of techniques based on various
factors.
Molecular weight or size: centrifugation, gel
permeation, osmotic pressure.
Polarity or charge: ion exchange
chromatography, electrophoresis, iso-electric
focussing, hydrophobic interaction, partition
chromatography, spectroscopy colorimetry,
UV visible spectrophotometry, florescence
spectroscopy, crystallography and mass
spectrometry.
Solubility: salt precipitation and precipitation
with organic solvent.
(d) Gene analysis techniques: various techniques
involved in any work in recombinant DNA
technology.
Low resolution mapping techniques: gel
electrophoresis, northern blotting, southern
blotting.
High resolution techniques: D1A sequencingsequencing
by chemical degradation,
sequencing by chain termination, automated
D1A sequencing.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)– definition,
principle and significance.
Genotyping using PCR technology, concept of
oligonuecleotide primers, taq polymerase,
identifying genes by positional cloning using
a classic example of human disease cystic
fibrosis.
Major contributors and goals of Human
Genome Project.
3. Cell Culture Technology
(a) Introduction and Techniques: basic
understanding of cell culture technology and
its significance in biotechnology. Different
materials and methods used in this
technology.
Introductory History: definition of cell
culture, different types of tissues and organ
cultures. Role of auxins, cytokinins in cell
tissue culture. Importance of media in cell
culture.
Preparation and cloning of cell culture along
with regeneration of single cell to whole
plant.
Role of cell and tissue culture in plant genetic
manipulation – genetic variability, invitro
pollination, induction of haploidy somatic
hybridisation and genetic transformation.
Media and aseptic manipulation: definition of
media, composition of media – inorganic
nutrients, organic nutrients, macronutrients,
micronutrients and other important
supplements. Solidifying agents and pH.
Sterilisation of apparatus and instruments
used in cell culture, culture rooms and
transfer area.
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(b) Cell culture and cellular totipotency: types of
cell culture and the concept of cellular
totipotency.
Cell culture: importance of single cell culture.
Different methods involved in isolation of
single cells from plant organs - mechanical
and enzymatic methods.
Concept and types of suspension culture:
batch cultures and continuous cultures.
Culture medium for cell suspensions,
synchronisation of suspension cultures.
Chemical methods – starvation, inhibition,
mitotic arrest and plating techniques.
Cellular totipotency: definition of cellular
totipotency. Concepts like cell differentiation,
dedifferentiation and redifferentiation,
vascular differentiation. Different aspects of
cell differentiation: cytological, cytochemical,
physiological and physical.
(c) Germplasm conservation: definition and
significance of germplasm conservation and
various methods involved in it.
Definition and need of germplasm
conservation. Modes of conservation: in-situ
conservation, ex-situ conservation. Materials
used for conservation. Principles involved in
freeze preservation. Various types of freeze
preservation, the factors affecting freezing
and the various methods of maintaining the
frozen cultures. Applications and limitations
of germplasm conservation using cell and
tissue cultures. Single cell protein concept.
(d) Applications of cell culture technology:
different fields in which cell culture
technology is used and the ways it is used.
Application of cell culture technology in plant
breeding: haploid production – an
understanding of haploid production and in
vivo techniques employed to induce haploid
production such as gynogenesis,
androgenesis, genome elimination by distant
hybridisation and semigamy, chemical
treatment, temperature shocks and irradiation
effects.
Triploid production: understanding and need
of triploid production. Various techniques
involved in triploid production. Application of
triploids in plant improvement.
In vitro pollination: concept, methodology
and application of in vitro pollination.
Zygotic embryo culture concept, types and
techniques and applications.
Concept of somatic hybridisation and
cybridisation protoplast fusion, genetic
transformation and their applications in
plant improvement.
4. Bio-informatics
(a) Introduction: an introduction to computers,
both hardware and software aspects. Global
biological data bases.
Introduction to computer software and
hardware. Definition, significance and
application of bio-informatics. Enormity of
data generated by biological systems;
managing the data using tools provided by
Information Technology
An introduction to global bio-informatics
databases (nucleotide and protein databases)
such as EMBL, 1CBI.
(b) Genomics: basic understanding of genome,
types of genome, criteria for selecting an
organism for sequencing. Various theoretical
aspects of searching genes using the
computer.
Definition of genomics, organisation of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes.
Basic criteria in selecting the organism for
its genome sequencing. Concept of
transposons. Searching for genes using
computers. All the theoretical aspects – exons,
intron, promoter region, start codon, end
codon, coding regions, non coding regions,
ESTs (Expressed Sequence Tags) and STSs
(Sequence Tagged Sites) and the different
softwares used like gene scan. Types of
sequence analysis –global, local, pair wise
and multiple. A brief note on various
sequence alignment programs and the
significance of sequence analysis. A mention
of different computer software and programs
used in sequence analysis.
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(c) Proteomics: definition and introduction.
Different softwares commercially available
for structural prediction of proteins.
Softwares available easily on the internet,
important protein databases available for the
public on the internet like PDB (protein data
bank), PIR (protein identification resources).
Use of computers in new drug development
research - concept of single nucleotide
polymorphisms (S1Ps).
Biotechnology - global and Indian scenario.
Various institutes, centers and funding
agencies which deal with biotechnology and
bioinformatics in India.
PAPER II
PRACTICAL WORK – 20 marks
Candidates are required to complete the following
experiments.
1. Sterilization techniques:
Dry Physical method – heat or radiation.
Wet Physical methods – steam sterilization.
Disinfection with 70% alcohol. Chlorine/
Savlon/Carbolic acid.
2. Preparation of buffers:
This experiment should be done to make the
basics clear to the students. The approach should
be to utilize easily available chemicals at
reasonable costs. For this “Phosphate buffer,
Acetate buffer and Borate buffer” are good for
practice. (pH 4 - pH 9.2).
3. Preparation of culture media:
(i) 1% Peptone Water (1utrient broth)/1utrient
Agar.
(ii) (Sugars + Coconut milk + Agar Agar) Plant
Tissue culture medium.
4. Growth of bacteria in culture:
Growth of bacteria in culture in nutrient broth.
(Time related growth).
5. Isolation of proteins:
Pea germinating seeds proteins should be isolated
in buffers. Presence of protein to be identified by
colour reaction.
6. Determination of Blood Groups:
Students can perform this experiment on their own
and work out their own blood group. Proper
instruction however are to be given for ‘prick’ –
e.g. (a) Sterilize finger with alcohol/disinfectant.
(b) Use only disposable sterile needle. (c) Use the
needle only once and destroy it. (d) Do not prick
or use blood drop in an indiscriminatory way.
7. Salivary amylase activity on starch
(i) Soluble starch solution (0.5% - 1%) to be
prepared.
(ii) Test with iodine.
(iii) Take saliva, dilute 1:5, add 1 ml of saliva to
10ml of starch solution. Incubate for
15 minutes.
(iv) Again test for presence of starch with iodine.
(v) Test for presence of reducing sugars in
solution 1 and solution 3.
8. Separation of plant pigments by chromatography:
(Paper chromatograph or TLC)
Take any leaf. Extract chlorophyll in
80% acetone. Take a strip of paper or prepare a
thin layer of silica gel on a slide. Load
chlorophyll extract at one end of the paper/gel.
Keep paper or gel in the rising medium in test
tube or jar for about 30 minutes. The rising
medium should have acetic acid, n-butanol or
benzene. The rising fluid should be always at the
bottom below the point of loading of chlorophylls.
After 30 minutes, three spots: yellow, green and
light green will be observed corresponding to
carotenes, chlorophyll A & chlorophyll B.
9. Identification of Plasmid DNA and Genomic
(chromosomal) DNA bands in the gels (by
photographs only).
Plasmid D1A is covalently closed circular D1A
(CCC-D1A). Therefore its molecular size is very
small but the molecular weight is sufficiently high.
During electrophoresis, this D1A will move faster
than the genomic D1A which has low density and
is linear in nature.
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Therefore, the bottom-most band, much away
from the rest of the bands is Plasmid D1A
whereas lagging bands represent the genomic
(chromosomal) D1A fragments.
10. Estimation of DNA either by Colourimeter or
Spectrophotometer.
The principle behind estimation of D1A by
colourimeter is to develop some sort of colour
during reaction of D1A with some chemical or
colouring agents. The developed colour will have
some absorption at a particular wave-length.
This absorbance can be plotted against the
standard curve made with the help of standard
solutions and by that the amount of D1A in a
given solution can be calculated.
In case of spectrophotometric determination of
D1A, the capacity of D1A to absorb UV rays in
the region of 285 nm is taken as the base for
working out the amount of D1A in a given
solution. Again the help of a standard curve is
taken to estimate the quantity of D1A.
PROJECT WORK AD PRACTICAL FILE
– 10 Marks
Project Work – 7 Marks
The Project Work is to be assessed by a Visiting
Examiner appointed locally and approved by the
Council.
Candidates are to creatively execute one
project / assignment on an aspect of Biotechnology.
Teachers may assign or students may choose any one
project of their choice. The report should be kept
simple, but neat and elegant. No extra credit shall be
given for type-written material/decorative cover, etc.
A list of suggested projects is as follows:
1. Effluent analysis.
2. A study of the technological details of malt
preparation.
3. A study of the technological details of the
brewing industry.
4. A study of the organisation of a fermentor.
5. Technological analysis of the process of drug
development, drug designing and drug targeting.
6. A study of the technological details of vaccine
development.
7. Diagnosis of diseases by modern techniques like
ELISA, RIA and Antibody targeting.
8. DNA finger-printing.
9. DNA foot-printing.
10. Microbiological contaminants in food and food
products.
11. Isolation of microbes from air, water and soil.
12. Methods of identifying microbes (various
staining techniques and biochemical reactions).
Practical File – 3 Marks
The Visiting Examiner is required to assess students
on the basis of the practical file maintained by them
during the academic year.